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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Muscles that Move the Thigh

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The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Three other significant muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the thoracolumbar...

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

The Transition to an Anterior-Based Muscle Sparing Approach Improves Early Postoperative Function but is Associated with a Learning Curve

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Technical Note on Modified Posterior Approach to the Hip Joint.

Krishna Mohan Iyer¹

¹Flat 120/H-2K, First Floor, 152, Kailash Apartments, Malleswaram, 8th Main Road, Bangalore-560 003, Karnataka State. India.

Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

|June 15, 2016

Summary

This modified posterior hip approach enhances joint stability, reducing dislocation risk. The technique involves a trochanteric osteotomy for improved visualization and stability in hip replacement surgeries.

Keywords:

Dislocation Trochanteric Osteotomy

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Surgical Techniques

Background:

The posterior approach to the hip joint offers excellent visualization for hip replacement surgery.
However, it may present a higher dislocation rate, especially in elderly or demented patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To modify the posterior approach to enhance hip joint stability.
To mitigate the risk of dislocation associated with the posterior approach.

Main Methods:

A technique involving osteotomy of the posterior greater trochanter was developed.
This osteotomy includes short lateral rotator insertions and part of the gluteus medius, allowing a "book-page" turn for exposure.
The modified approach was tested in cadavers for stability compared to standard reattachment methods.

Main Results:

The modified technique provides enhanced stability compared to the standard posterior approach.
Cadaver studies indicated greater stability than routine reattachment of short lateral rotators.

Conclusions:

The modified posterior hip approach offers superior stability.
This technique is beneficial for elderly patients, hemiarthroplasty, and primary or revision total hip replacement.