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Diversity of Protists I

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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

A Method for Microinjection of Patiria minata Zygotes
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Patiromer.

Dennis J Cada, Jessica Dang, Danial E Baker

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    Summary

    The Formulary Monograph Service provides monthly drug monographs and utilization evaluations for Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. This service aids in informed drug selection and safe medication use for healthcare facilities.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Science
    • Clinical Pharmacy
    • Drug Information

    Background:

    • Pharmacy & Therapeutics (P&T) Committees require timely, evidence-based drug information for formulary decisions.
    • New drug approvals and late-stage clinical trials necessitate comprehensive evaluations for safe and effective use.
    • Drug utilization evaluations (DUEs) and medication use evaluations (MUEs) are critical for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and managing costs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide P&T Committees with detailed monographs on newly released or late-phase drugs.
    • To offer concise summary monographs for pharmacy and nursing in-services and agendas.
    • To deliver comprehensive drug utilization evaluations/medication use evaluations (DUE/MUE) to support medication management.

    Main Methods:

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  • Publication of 5-6 detailed monographs per month covering new or late-phase drugs.
  • Issuance of monthly 1-page summary monographs for quick reference.
  • Inclusion of a comprehensive monthly DUE/MUE with each subscription.
  • Monthly drug class reviews integrated into the service.
  • Main Results:

    • Subscribers receive print and online access to monographs and evaluations.
    • Monographs can be customized to meet specific facility needs.
    • The service includes specific examples like April 2016 topics: von Willebrand factor (recombinant), daratumumab, elotuzumab, uridine triacetate, ixazomib, and lesinurad MUE.

    Conclusions:

    • The Formulary Monograph Service offers a valuable, integrated resource for drug information and medication use evaluation.
    • The service supports informed decision-making for P&T Committees and enhances pharmacy and nursing practice.
    • Subscription provides access to current drug information, aiding in formulary management and patient care.