Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

104
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
104
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

98
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
98
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters01:16

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters

99
The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...
99
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

96
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
96
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

57
Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
57
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

79
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
79

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comment on "Understanding Voriconazole Metabolism: A Middle-Out Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling Framework Integrating In Vitro and Clinical Insights".

Clinical pharmacokinetics·2025
Same author

Clozapine metabolism and cardiotoxicity: A prospective longitudinal study.

International journal of cardiology·2024
Same author

The incidence, impact, and risk factors for moderate to severe persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: a prospective cohort study.

Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)·2023
Same author

Ethnic disparity in clozapine dosing and cardiotoxicity in New Zealand.

The New Zealand medical journal·2022
Same author

A systematic review of inter-individual differences in the DNA repair processes involved in melphalan monoadduct repair in relation to treatment outcomes.

Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology·2021
Same author

Validating TDP1 as an Inhibition Target for the Development of Chemosensitizers for Camptothecin-Based Chemotherapy Drugs.

Oncology and therapy·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures
10:44

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Published on: March 28, 2017

10.4K

CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotypes in Pacific peoples.

Nuala A Helsby1

  • 1School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand. n.helsby@auckland.ac.nz.

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|June 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacogenetic variants like CYP2C19 in Oceania differ between Melanesian and Polynesian populations. Avoid combining data; individual patient assessment is crucial for drug dosing, not ethnicity-based assumptions.

Keywords:
CYP2C19CYP2D6EthnicityPharmacogenetics

More Related Videos

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

10.5K
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format
05:58

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

Published on: August 20, 2018

11.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures
10:44

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Published on: March 28, 2017

10.4K
A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

10.5K
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format
05:58

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

Published on: August 20, 2018

11.5K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Population Genetics
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Focus on pharmacogenetic variants in Oceania primarily targets CYP2C19 and CYP2D6.
  • Literature suggests a high prevalence of CYP2C19 null genotypes in 'Pacific Islanders'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review published data on pharmacogenes (CYP2C19, CYP2D6) in Oceania.
  • To highlight genetic variations between Melanesian and Polynesian populations.
  • To address the inappropriate generalization of pharmacogenetic data across the region.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of pharmacogenetic studies in Oceania.
  • Comparative analysis of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 allele frequencies.
  • Evaluation of existing literature regarding population-specific pharmacogenetic data.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in pharmacogenetic variant prevalence exist between Melanesian and Polynesian populations.
  • Combining prevalence data for CYP2C19 across Oceania is scientifically inaccurate.
  • Assumptions about CYP2C19 null alleles and clopidogrel efficacy are not universally applicable.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenetic data should not be generalized across Oceania due to significant intra-regional diversity.
  • Individual patient pharmacogenetic profiles are essential for accurate drug dosing.
  • Reliance on broad ethnicity-based assumptions for drug therapy in this region is discouraged.