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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
Published on: January 27, 2019
Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life
Nicholas A Bokulich1, Jennifer Chung1, Thomas Battaglia1
1Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Abstract:
Early childhood is a critical stage for the foundation and development of both the microbiome and host. Early-life antibiotic exposures, cesarean section, and formula feeding could disrupt microbiome establishment and adversely affect health later in life. We profiled microbial development during the first 2 years of life in a cohort of 43 U.S. infants and identified multiple disturbances associated with antibiotic exposures, cesarean section, and formula feeding. These exposures contributed to altered establishment of maternal bacteria, delayed microbiome development, and altered α-diversity. These findings illustrate the complexity of early-life microbiome development and its sensitivity to perturbation.
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