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Related Concept Videos

ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
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1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

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The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
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Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
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Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

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ATM activation in hypoxia - causes and consequences.

Monica M Olcina1, Roger Ja Grand2, Ester M Hammond1

  • 1Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK.

Molecular & Cellular Oncology
|June 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The DNA damage response pathway, involving ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, is crucial for genomic integrity. Hypoxia, a stressor in tumors, activates ATM signaling, potentially contributing to cancer development.

Keywords:
ATMChromatin,DNA damage,HypoxiaReplication

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Cellular Stress Response

Background:

  • The DNA damage response (DDR) is vital for maintaining genomic stability and preventing cancer.
  • Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a key regulator of the DDR, activated by DNA damage.
  • ATM can also be activated by non-DNA damaging stresses, such as hypoxia, which is prevalent in solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of ATM activation by hypoxia.
  • To discuss the role of hypoxia-driven ATM signaling in tumorigenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on ATM signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of studies investigating hypoxia and its effects on cellular stress responses.
  • Integration of findings on ATM activation in both DNA-damaging and non-DNA-damaging contexts.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia, particularly severe levels in tumors, induces replication stress.
  • This stress activates DDR pathways, including ATM and ATR signaling.
  • ATM activation by hypoxia, independent of DNA damage, is increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia-induced ATM signaling is a significant pathway in solid tumors.
  • ATM activation in hypoxic tumors may contribute to tumorigenesis.
  • Further research into hypoxia-driven ATM signaling could reveal new therapeutic strategies.