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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

6
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
6
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

324
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
324
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

327
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
327
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

248
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
248
Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables01:28

Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables

345
Biologics, derived from living sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms, represent a significant category of pharmaceuticals. These complex molecules, developed through advanced biotechnological methods or purified from natural sources, include essential medical treatments like insulin and growth hormones. The complexity of biologics arises from their large molecular structures and the intricate processes required for their production, making them distinct from conventional...
345
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

236
Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
236

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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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Drug Pricing Evolution in Hepatitis C.

Nathalie Vernaz1,2, François Girardin1,3, Nicolas Goossens4

  • 1Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Plos One
|June 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cost of hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug regimens increased with sustained viral response (SVR) rates over 25 years. Pricing follows a value-based model, challenging healthcare systems to balance costs and patient access.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment has evolved significantly over 25 years, with advancements from interferon-based therapies to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs).
  • The development of HCV treatment regimens has progressed through distinct stages, including interferon-alpha (IFN-α) monotherapy, combination therapies with ribavirin (RBV), pegylated interferon (pegIFN-α), and the introduction of DAAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the association between sustained viral response (SVR) rates and market prices of HCV drug regimens in Switzerland and the US over the past 25 years.
  • To analyze the cost-effectiveness of evolving HCV treatment strategies in relation to achieved SVRs.

Main Methods:

  • A linear regression and mean cost analysis were performed to assess the relationship between SVRs and HCV regimen prices.
  • Randomized clinical trials of drugs approved in Switzerland between 1997 and 2015 for treatment-naive genotype 1 HCV patients were selected.
  • A sensitivity analysis was conducted using US drug prices at the time of market licensing.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant positive relationship was found between the proportion of patients achieving SVRs and the costs of HCV regimens in both Switzerland (R² = 0.96) and the US (R² = 0.95).
  • The incremental cost per additional percentage of SVR was 597.14 USD in Switzerland and 1,063.81 USD in the US.
  • HCV drug pricing demonstrates a stable cost-per-SVR ratio over 25 years, indicative of a value-based pricing model.

Conclusions:

  • HCV drug pricing aligns with a value-based model, maintaining a consistent cost per achieved SVR over two and a half decades.
  • Despite the long-term health benefits of new HCV agents, healthcare systems face challenges due to high resource utilization.
  • Stakeholders, including the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare payers, must collaborate to develop innovative drug pricing strategies for widespread HCV treatment access.