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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Related Experiment Video

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Use of Read-Across Tools.

Serena Manganelli1, Emilio Benfenati2

  • 1Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milan, Italy. serena.manganelli@marionegri.it.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

ToxRead is new, free software that simplifies read-across analysis for mutagenicity assessments. It uses structural alerts and a chemical database to predict toxicity, aiding regulatory compliance.

Keywords:
MutagenicityREACHRead-acrossRulesSARStructural alertsToxRead

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Read-across analysis is increasingly vital for chemical safety assessments, driven by regulations like European REACH.
  • Predictive toxicology tools are essential for efficient and ethical chemical evaluations.
  • Assessing mutagenicity requires robust methodologies to ensure chemical safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce ToxRead, a novel, freely available software tool for read-across analysis.
  • To provide comprehensive instructions for using ToxRead and interpreting its mutagenicity predictions.
  • To facilitate the application of read-across methodologies in regulatory toxicology.

Main Methods:

  • Development and implementation of the ToxRead software.
  • Integration of a rule-based system (structural alerts) for toxicity explanation.
  • Inclusion of a chemical similarity tool linked to a comprehensive chemical property database.

Main Results:

  • ToxRead offers a user-friendly interface for performing read-across analyses.
  • The software effectively utilizes structural alerts and similarity assessments for mutagenicity predictions.
  • Interpretable outputs are generated to support toxicological assessments.

Conclusions:

  • ToxRead is a valuable, accessible tool for researchers and regulators conducting mutagenicity assessments.
  • The software enhances the efficiency and reliability of read-across applications in chemical safety.
  • ToxRead supports informed decision-making in regulatory toxicology by providing clear predictions.