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Related Concept Videos

Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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Energy Bands in Solids

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

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According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
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Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

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According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
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The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
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Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
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Band structure engineering in organic semiconductors.

Martin Schwarze1, Wolfgang Tress2, Beatrice Beyer3

  • 1Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 18, 2016
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Summary

Researchers engineered organic semiconductors by blending them with halogenated derivatives. This method tunes electronic properties like ionization energy and photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Band structure engineering is crucial for modern electronics, enabling tunable electronic properties.
  • Organic semiconductors present challenges for band structure engineering due to strong electronic state localization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the limitations of electronic state localization in organic semiconductors.
  • To demonstrate a method for continuously tuning the electronic properties of organic semiconductors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized blending of organic semiconductors with their halogenated derivatives.
  • Employed photoelectron spectroscopy to measure ionization energies.
  • Fabricated and characterized organic solar cells to assess photovoltaic performance.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated continuous tuning of ionization energies in crystalline organic semiconductors over a wide range.
  • Showcased continuous tunability of the photovoltaic gap and open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells.
  • Highlighted the role of long-range Coulomb interactions in enabling this tunability.

Conclusions:

  • Blending organic semiconductors with halogenated derivatives offers a viable strategy for band structure engineering.
  • Long-range Coulomb interactions are key to overcoming localization effects in organic systems.
  • This approach enables precise control over optoelectronic properties for advanced organic electronic devices.