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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Inositol(s) in thyroid function, growth and autoimmunity.

Salvatore Benvenga1,2,3, Alessandro Antonelli4

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina School of Medicine, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125, Messina, Italy. s.benvenga@live.it.

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|June 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Myo-inositol and phosphatidylinositol are crucial for metabolic pathways. Impaired function links to thyroid issues, insulin resistance, and PCOS, but myoinositol shows therapeutic promise.

Keywords:
IGF-1RInsulinMyo-inositolPhosphatidylinositolTSHTSHR

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Myo-inositol and phosphatidylinositol(s) are vital in numerous metabolic pathways.
  • Dysregulation of these molecules negatively impacts human health.
  • This review focuses on their role in thyroid physiology and pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze experimental and clinical data on inositol involvement in health and disease.
  • To explore the connection between phosphatidylinositol and thyrotropin (TSH) signaling and autoimmunity.
  • To investigate links between receptor malfunctions, insulin resistance, and metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of experimental and clinical investigations.
  • Analysis of literature on phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways.
  • Examination of data linking inositol metabolism to endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Main Results:

  • Phosphatidylinositol is linked to TSH signaling and autoimmunity.
  • Malfunctions of TSHR, IR, and IGF-1R are associated with metabolic dysfunction.
  • Serum TSH levels correlate with insulin resistance, diabetes, PCOS, and certain cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Inositol pathways are implicated in various pathological conditions, including thyroid disorders and metabolic syndrome.
  • Myoinositol demonstrates significant therapeutic potential.
  • Understanding inositol pathways may unlock new therapeutic strategies for related diseases.