Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

3.8K
Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
3.8K
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

10.3K
Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
10.3K
Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

5.1K
Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
5.1K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

16.8K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
16.8K
Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

5.5K
Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
5.5K
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

29.6K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
29.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 is a histological marker reflecting the malignant behavior of prostate cancer.

Glycoconjugate journal·2019
Same author

Functional role of glycosphingolipids in contact inhibition of growth in a human mammary epithelial cell line.

FEBS letters·2017
Same author

GM3 and cancer.

Glycoconjugate journal·2015
Same author

Obituary: Steven Bruce Levery (1949–2014).

Glycoconjugate journal·2014
Same author

Efficient synthesis of chloro-derivatives of sialosyllactosylceramide, and their enhanced inhibitory effect on epidermal growth factor receptor activation.

Oncology letters·2014
Same author

Domain composition of rhamnose-binding lectin from shishamo smelt eggs and its carbohydrate-binding profiles.

Fish physiology and biochemistry·2013

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics
11:36

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics

Published on: May 22, 2016

11.3K

Changes of glycoconjugate expression profiles during early development.

Kazuko Handa1, Sen-Itiroh Hakomori2,3

  • 1Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.

Glycoconjugate Journal
|June 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on mammalian cells change during development. The Lex epitope is crucial for embryo compaction and cell aggregation through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions (CCIs).

Keywords:
EmbryogenesisEmbryonal carcinomaEmbryonic stem cellGlycoconjugateGlycosphingolipidStage-specific embryonic antigen

More Related Videos

Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments
10:59

Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments

Published on: February 7, 2025

1.9K
Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases
09:54

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases

Published on: December 26, 2011

37.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics
11:36

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics

Published on: May 22, 2016

11.3K
Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments
10:59

Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments

Published on: February 7, 2025

1.9K
Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases
09:54

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases

Published on: December 26, 2011

37.6K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Glycobiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Glycoconjugates, particularly glycosphingolipids (GSLs), are vital cell surface molecules in mammals.
  • GSL expression profiles correlate with cell phenotypes and change significantly during mammalian embryogenesis.
  • Stage-specific cell surface molecules, including carbohydrate epitopes, regulate early embryonic development, cell-cell interaction, and cell sorting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific GSLs, such as Lex, in early mammalian development.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of cell-cell interaction and aggregation during embryonic compaction.
  • To understand the dynamic changes in GSL expression during embryonic differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of glycoconjugates from mammalian tissues and cells.
  • Analysis of GSL expression profiles in virus-transformed fibroblasts, mouse embryos, and embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells.
  • Use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to identify stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs) and their corresponding carbohydrate epitopes.
  • Functional assays using multivalent Lex to study embryo decompaction and autoaggregation of EC F9 cells.

Main Results:

  • Stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs) like SSEA-1, SSEA-3, and SSEA-4 recognize specific GSLs (Lex, Gb5, monosialyl-Gb5).
  • GSL expression shifts dynamically during mouse early development: globo-series → neolacto/lacto-series → ganglio-series.
  • Multivalent Lex induces decompaction of mouse embryos, highlighting its role in compaction.
  • Lex-Lex interactions, a form of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction (CCI), mediate cell aggregation in EC F9 cells.

Conclusions:

  • The Lex epitope plays a critical functional role in the compaction of early mammalian embryos.
  • Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions (CCIs) are involved in cell aggregation processes during development.
  • Dynamic changes in GSL expression, including shifts from globo- and neolacto/lacto-series to ganglio-series, are conserved during the differentiation of human EC and embryonic stem (ES) cells, underscoring their importance in early development.