Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

False Memories01:18

False Memories

622
False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
622
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

8.5K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
8.5K
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

315
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
315
Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

11.8K
Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
11.8K
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.5K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
4.5K
Counterfactual Thinking01:19

Counterfactual Thinking

326
Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
326

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of statement type and study context on memory for truth and falsity.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

Revisiting the Plausibility Effect in Remembering Truth and Falsity: An Analysis of Underlying Memory and Guessing Processes.

Journal of cognition·2025
Same author

Assessing the truth effect's reliability and test-retest stability.

Consciousness and cognition·2025
Same author

The illusory-truth effect and its absence under accuracy-focused processing are robust across contexts of low and high advertising exposure.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2025
Same author

On the relationship between recognition judgments and truth judgments: Memory states moderate the recognition-based truth effect.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Remembering the truth or falsity of advertising claims: A preregistered model-based test of three competing theoretical accounts.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.5K

Unveiling the truth: warnings reduce the repetition-based truth effect.

Lena Nadarevic1, André Aßfalg2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. nadarevic@psychologie.uni-mannheim.de.

Psychological Research
|June 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

People often believe repeated statements more due to the repetition-based truth effect. Warnings reduced this effect, suggesting people can control, but not entirely ignore, fluency when judging truth.

More Related Videos

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

8.9K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.5K
The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

8.9K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The repetition-based truth effect describes the tendency to perceive familiar statements as more true than novel ones.
  • This effect is commonly attributed to fluency-truth attributions, where cognitive ease of processing is mistaken for veracity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive mechanism underlying the truth effect by examining the role of fluency-truth attributions.
  • To determine if warning instructions can mitigate the truth effect by alerting individuals to the influence of repetition.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using warning instructions to inform participants about the truth effect.
  • Experiment 1 instructed participants to monitor for repeated statements; Experiment 2 included comprehension checks and reminders.
  • Participants' truth judgments were assessed based on statement familiarity and repetition.

Main Results:

  • Warning instructions in Experiment 1 did not significantly reduce the truth effect.
  • In Experiment 2, warnings significantly reduced the truth effect, though it was not entirely eliminated.
  • Participants demonstrated some ability to control their truth attributions but did not completely disregard processing fluency.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that individuals can exert some control over fluency-truth attributions when making truth judgments.
  • The truth effect is not entirely eliminated by warnings, indicating that processing fluency continues to influence judgments.
  • There was no evidence of participants overcompensating or over-discounting the influence of fluency on their truth judgments.