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Related Concept Videos

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Microbial Interactions: Cooperation

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Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...
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Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through...
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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem
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RNA 'Information Warfare' in Pathogenic and Mutualistic Interactions.

Thomas Chaloner1, Jan A L van Kan2, Robert T Grant-Downton3

  • 1The Queen's College, University of Oxford, High Street, Oxford, UK.

Trends in Plant Science
|June 20, 2016
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Small RNAs move between organisms, acting as virulence factors in host-pathogen interactions. Extracellular vesicles likely facilitate this RNA

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Regulatory non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, are crucial in plant immunity and defense.
  • Small RNAs can move from plants to pathogens, and vice versa, influencing host-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of trans-organism RNA movement in host-pathogen interactions.
  • To investigate the potential of extracellular vesicles in mediating RNA translocation between organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on small RNA functions in plant-pathogen interactions.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating RNA translocation across organism boundaries.
  • Hypothesizing the role of extracellular vesicles in mediating these RNA transfer events.

Main Results:

  • Small RNAs function as virulence factors, with pathogens delivering RNAs to suppress host defenses.
  • Plant-derived small RNAs can also target pathogen transcripts.
  • Extracellular vesicles are proposed as a mechanism for inter-organismal RNA transport.

Conclusions:

  • Trans-organism RNA movement is a common regulatory mechanism in plant-eukaryote interactions.
  • Extracellular vesicles are likely key mediators of this RNA 'information warfare'.
  • Plant pathosystems offer valuable models for studying RNA-mediated interactions.