Systemic immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis presenting hematochezia as the initial symptom

Immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of insoluble fibrils composed of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by monoclonal plasma cells. Given the recent advances in the therapy of AL amyloidosis, it is important to diagnose this disease as early as possible. Herein, we describe the case of a 62-year-old man with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis presenting with hematochezia. Colonoscopy showed multiple submucosal hematomas within the region ranging from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon. Kappa immunoglobulin light-chain amyloid deposition was also detected. Bone marrow examination revealed a monoclonal abnormal plasma cell population. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with systemic immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. The hematochezia was conservatively managed. However, because of liver failure caused by liver cirrhosis, the patient developed massive pleural effusion and died of respiratory failure. Postmortem examination revealed amyloid deposition in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, descending colon, pancreas, heart, and lung. In these organs, amyloid deposition was limited to the vascular wall. We concluded that AL amyloidosis can present hematochezia arising from submucosal hematoma in the large colon before other systemic symptoms appear.