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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
882
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

1.4K
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
1.4K
Subconsciousness and No Awareness01:15

Subconsciousness and No Awareness

788
The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
788
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.8K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

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[Anesthesia and Consciousness].

Yuichi Ogino, Hiroaki Kawamichi, Shigeru Saiot

    Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
    |June 21, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    General anesthetics disrupt brain networks essential for consciousness. Consciousness depends on complex, integrated communication across brain networks, not a single brain region.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Anesthesiology

    Background:

    • Understanding consciousness and its loss under anesthesia is critical for anesthesiologists.
    • While brain imaging advances reveal emotional and sensory correlates, the neural basis of consciousness remains elusive.
    • The historical 'seat of consciousness' in subcortical nuclei is disproven; consciousness is now understood to involve cortical and thalamocortical network communication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the neural correlates of consciousness and how general anesthetics affect it.
    • To explore the role of network complexity and integration in conscious experience.
    • To investigate the electroencephalographic signatures of consciousness.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing non-invasive brain-imaging technologies.
    • Analyzing electroencephalograph (EEG) currents.

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    Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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    Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

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    Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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    Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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  • Employing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe brain responses.

    • Main Results:

    • General anesthetics and sleep were found to disrupt complex and integrated brain networks.
    • Consciousness is characterized by the interplay between network complexity and integration.
    • EEG currents evoked by TMS demonstrate complexity, integration, and widespread communication.

    Conclusions:

    • Consciousness arises from complex, integrated communication across cortical and thalamocortical networks.
    • Anesthetics impair consciousness by disrupting these essential network properties.
    • The findings support a network-based theory of consciousness, moving beyond localized brain regions.