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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Neurons: The Axon01:21

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment....
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Related Experiment Video

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Dynamic Axonal Translation in Developing and Mature Visual Circuits.

Toshiaki Shigeoka1, Hosung Jung2, Jane Jung2

  • 1Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.

Cell
|June 21, 2016
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Summary

Local mRNA translation in mammalian central nervous system (CNS) axons is crucial for neural circuit development and maintenance. This study provides in vivo evidence of axonal translatomes, revealing dynamic gene expression essential for axon wiring and survival.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Local mRNA translation in axons is vital for neuronal adaptation but lacks in vivo evidence in mammalian CNS.
  • Understanding axonal mRNA translation is key to comprehending neural circuit formation and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide direct in vivo evidence of local mRNA translation in mammalian CNS axons.
  • To characterize the axonal translatome during development and in adulthood.
  • To identify regulatory mechanisms governing axonal mRNA translation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an innovative axon-TRAP-RiboTag approach in mice.
  • Performed deep-sequencing analysis of ribosome-bound mRNAs in retinal ganglion cell axons.
  • Analyzed the developing and adult retinotectal projection in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Identified an evolving axonal translatome during embryonic to postnatal development, with enriched genes for axon wiring processes like elongation, pruning, and synaptogenesis.
  • Revealed a complex adult axonal translatome linked to axon survival, neurotransmission, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Discovered translationally co-regulated mRNA subsets with shared upstream regulators and alternative splicing elements promoting axonal translation.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated intricate, compartment-specific mRNA translation regulation in mammalian CNS axons in vivo.
  • Established the critical role of axonal translation in forming and maintaining neural circuits.
  • Highlighted the significance of axonal mRNA translation for both neural development and adult neuronal health, including implications for neurodegenerative conditions.