Influence of physical training on heart rate variability and baroreflex circulatory control

Nineteen males (aged 45-68 yr) were studied before and after either a period of regular endurance exercise [walk/jog 3-4 days/wk for 30 +/- 1 (SE) wk, n = 11] or unchanged physical activity (38 +/- 2 wk, n = 8) (controls) to determine the influence of physical training on cardiac parasympathetic (vagal) tone and baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and limb vascular resistance (VR) at rest in middle-aged and older men. Training resulted in a marked increase in maximal O2 uptake (31.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 41.0 +/- 1.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, 2.56 +/- 0.16 vs. 3.20 +/- 0.18 l/min, P less than 0.05) and small (P less than 0.05) reductions in body weight (81.2 +/- 3.5 vs. 78.7 +/- 4.0 kg) and body fat (23.8 +/- 1.3 vs. 20.9 +/- 1.3%). HR at rest was slightly, but consistently, lower after training (63 +/- 2 vs. 58 +/- 1 beats/min, P less than 0.05). In general, HR variability (index of cardiac vagal tone) was greater after training. Chronotropic responsiveness to either brief carotid baroreflex stimulation (neck suction) or inhibition (neck pressure), or to non-specific arterial baroreflex inhibition induced by a hypotensive level of lower body suction, was unchanged after training. In contrast, the magnitude of the reflex increase in forearm VR in response to three levels of lower body suction was markedly attenuated after training (38-59%; P less than 0.05 at -10 and -30 mmHg; P = 0.07 at -20 mmHg). None of these variables or responses was altered over time in the controls. These findings indicate that in healthy, previously sedentary, middle-aged and older men, strenuous and prolonged endurance training 1) elicits large increases in maximal exercise capacity and small reductions in HR at rest, 2) may increase cardiac vagal tone at rest, 3) does not alter arterial baroreflex control of HR, and 4) results in a diminished forearm vasoconstrictor response to reductions in baroreflex sympathoinhibition.