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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq
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Text message reminders to improve questionnaire response rates.

Ada Keding1, Sally Brabyn2, Hugh MacPherson2

  • 1York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
|June 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Short message service (SMS) text message reminders do not appear to improve questionnaire response rates in randomized controlled trial (RCT) follow-ups. Postnotification showed a potential benefit, but overall evidence for SMS effectiveness remains unclear.

Keywords:
AttritionEmbedded trialPrenotificationRandomized controlled trialReminderSMS messagingText messageTrial within a trial

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trials Methodology
  • Health Services Research
  • Digital Health Interventions

Background:

  • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) rely on participant follow-up for data collection.
  • Low response rates in RCTs can introduce bias and reduce statistical power.
  • Short message service (SMS) text messages are a common communication tool with potential for improving engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of SMS text message reminders in enhancing questionnaire response rates for RCT follow-up.
  • To compare the impact of prenotification versus postnotification SMS reminders.

Main Methods:

  • Three "trials within a trial" were conducted within an RCT for patients with depression.
  • Participants (n=523) were randomized to receive prenotification, postnotification, or no SMS notification at different follow-up points (3, 6, and 12 months).
  • Questionnaire return rates and time to return were analyzed to assess the impact of SMS reminders.

Main Results:

  • SMS prenotification reminders showed no significant effect on questionnaire response rates at 3- and 9-month follow-ups.
  • A statistically significant increase in response rates was observed with postnotification (83.2%) compared to prenotification (75.2%) at the 6-month follow-up (P=0.02).
  • No significant difference was found between postnotification and no notification at 9-month follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • SMS text messages used as prenotification reminders appear ineffective for improving RCT questionnaire response rates.
  • The evidence regarding the effectiveness of SMS postnotification reminders is currently unclear and warrants further investigation.