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Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Paramagnetism01:30

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Giant Magnetoresistance: Basic Concepts, Microstructure, Magnetic Interactions and Applications.

Inga Ennen1, Daniel Kappe2, Thomas Rempel3

  • 1Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany. ennen@physik.uni-bielefeld.de.

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Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) is a fundamental magnetic material phenomenon. This study explores GMR characteristics, microstructure links, and sensor design criteria for diverse applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) is a fundamental quantum mechanical effect observed in magnetic materials.
  • GMR phenomena are present across various material forms, including nanoparticles, thin films, and permanent magnets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between GMR effect characteristics and the underlying microstructure of magnetic materials.
  • To discuss the design criteria for developing sensors based on the GMR effect for specific applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the correlation between GMR properties and microstructural features.
  • Review and synthesis of design principles for GMR-based sensors.

Main Results:

  • Established links between GMR effect characteristics and material microstructure.
  • Identified key design considerations for GMR sensors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding microstructure is crucial for tailoring GMR effects.
  • GMR sensors offer versatile applications in automotive, biosensing, and nanoparticular fields.