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Altitude training requires specific nutrition and hydration strategies to optimize performance. This review details nutritional needs, including carbohydrates and iron, and addresses hydration and oxidative stress for athletes training at altitude.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Altitude training, including "live high, train high" (LH-TH), "live high, train low" (LH-TL), and "intermittent hypoxic training" (IHT), is common in cycling.
  • These regimens involve acclimatization and specific training protocols, necessitating tailored nutrition and hydration plans.
  • Athletes face physiological stress at altitude, impacting performance and requiring careful management of nutritional demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological stress associated with altitude exposure and training.
  • To provide specific nutrition recommendations for athletes undertaking altitude training.
  • To address the limited research on nutrition demands for athletes training at moderate altitudes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on altitude training and nutrition.
  • Discussion of energetic demands, body composition changes, and fluid loss at altitude.
  • Analysis of carbohydrate intake, hydration status, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress.

Main Results:

  • Altitude exposure increases physiological stress and energetic demands.
  • Specific attention must be paid to carbohydrate intake and hydration status.
  • Iron metabolism and antioxidant status are critical considerations for athletes at altitude.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing nutrition and hydration is crucial for athletes training at altitude.
  • Further research is needed on the specific nutritional demands at moderate altitudes.
  • Strategies for managing iron stores and oxidative stress are essential for performance and health.