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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Cu-based Polyoxometalate Catalyst for Efficient Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Hongjin Lv, Yuanzhe Gao¹, Weiwei Guo

¹College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University , No. 20 Road East of Second Ring South, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, P. R. China.

Inorganic Chemistry

|June 21, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel copper-based catalyst for efficient visible-light-driven water reduction, producing hydrogen. The catalyst demonstrates high efficiency and stability, paving the way for cost-effective hydrogen production.

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Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Photocatalysis
Green Chemistry

Background:

Copper-based complexes are underexplored as water reduction catalysts.
Developing efficient and cost-effective catalysts for hydrogen evolution is crucial for sustainable energy.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel tetra-copper polyoxotungstate, Na3K7[Cu4(H2O)2(B-α-PW9O34)2]·30H2O (Cu4P2).
To evaluate the catalytic activity of Cu4P2 for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution.
To investigate the stability and active species of the Cu4P2 catalyst.

Main Methods:

Synthesis and characterization of the tetra-copper polyoxotungstate (Cu4P2).
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution experiments using visible light, a [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)][PF6] light absorber, and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial electron donor.
Stability studies using UV-vis absorption, FT-IR, dynamic light scattering, TEM, and SEM/EDX.

Main Results:

Cu4P2 is a water-compatible catalyst for efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution.
A turnover number (TON) of ~1270 and a photochemical quantum efficiency of 15.9% were achieved.
Stability studies indicated that Cu4P2 and its molecular decomposition products are the active species, not Cu or CuOx particles.

Conclusions:

Molecular copper-based polyoxotungstates are promising for water reduction catalysis.
The study provides insights into designing efficient, molecular, water-compatible copper catalysts.
This work highlights the potential of abundant and low-cost copper for sustainable hydrogen production.