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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Exosomes in Viral Disease.

Monique R Anderson1,2, Fatah Kashanchi3, Steven Jacobson4

  • 1National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. andersonmr2@mail.nih.gov.

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Viruses use exosomes, a type of microvesicle, to hide from the immune system and spread infection. Targeting these viral exosomes offers a new strategy for disease control and therapy.

Keywords:
ESCRTExosomesmicrovesiclesmultivesicular bodies“back fusion”

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pathogens, including viruses, evolve mechanisms to evade host immune responses.
  • Microvesicles, particularly exosomes, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and immune function.
  • Viruses have been observed to utilize exosomes for their own propagation and immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of exosomes in viral persistence and immune evasion.
  • To investigate how viral components within exosomes affect host-pathogen interactions.
  • To identify exosomes as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for viral diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral component incorporation into exosomes.
  • Assessment of exosome-mediated immune system cloaking and decoy mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of exosome effects on viral infection in uninfected cells.

Main Results:

  • Viral antigens within exosomes enhance viral persistence by shielding viral genomes.
  • Exosomes act as decoys, diverting immune system attention from the virus.
  • Viral components in exosomes can promote infection in previously uninfected cells.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes serve as a critical mechanism for viral immune evasion and persistence.
  • Viral antigens in exosomes represent a valuable biomarker for disease diagnosis.
  • Targeting viral exosomes presents a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling viral infections like Ebola and Zika.