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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
Published on: July 31, 2016
The creation and validation of the Developmental Emotional Faces Stimulus Set
Alyssa S Meuwissen1, Jacob E Anderson2, Philip David Zelazo2
1Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. sinne035@umn.edu.
Abstract:
The Developmental Emotional Faces Stimulus Set (DEFSS) is designed to provide a standardized set of emotional stimuli that includes both child and adult faces and that has been validated by participants across a wide range of ages. This article describes the creation and validation of the DEFSS, which includes 404 validated facial photographs of people between 8 and 30 years old displaying five different emotional expressions: happy, angry, fearful, sad, and neutral. The emotions in all photographs were identified correctly by 86 % of the raters (minimum 55 %), and validity did not vary as a function of the age group of the model or of the raters, indicating that the pictures are equally appropriate for use across the entire age range. Strengths and limitations of the DEFSS are discussed.
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