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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy
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Methods for Studying Autophagy Within the Tumor Microenvironment.

Sengottuvelan Murugan1, Ravi K Amaravadi2

  • 1Hematology/Oncology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Clinical Research Building Room No: 120, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Defective autophagy, crucial in diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration, is a key drug discovery target. New methods to monitor autophagy in vitro and in vivo are vital for clinical translation.

Keywords:
Automated quantitative analyses (AQUA)Autophagic fluxAutophagyAutophagy modulatorsComparative secretome analysisHigh-autophagy cellsLow-autophagy cellsTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Defective autophagy is implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Autophagy modulation is a significant focus for therapeutic drug discovery.
  • Current monitoring assays face challenges in clinical translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current methodologies for measuring autophagy.
  • To highlight in vitro and in vivo techniques for autophagy assessment.
  • To focus specifically on autophagy measurement within the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing in vitro and in vivo autophagy detection assays.
  • Discussion of intracellular markers like microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II.
  • Emphasis on methods applicable to the tumor microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • Identification of limitations in current autophagy assays, particularly for in vivo and clinical use.
  • Overview of advancements in autophagy monitoring techniques.
  • Highlighting the importance of the tumor microenvironment in autophagy studies.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate autophagy measurement is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis.
  • Development of robust in vitro and in vivo assays is essential for drug discovery.
  • Further research into autophagy in the tumor microenvironment is warranted.