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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

657
Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats
06:38

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

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[Cryptorchidism and fertility].

I Rübben1

  • 1Sektion für Kinder- und Jugendurologie an der Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Deutschland. iris.ruebben@uk-essen.de.

Der Urologe. Ausg. A
|June 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cryptorchidism, a common genital malformation, impacts male fertility. Early intervention is crucial as untreated cases can lead to azoospermia (absence of sperm) and infertility later in life.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Urology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Cryptorchidism is the most common genital malformation in pediatric urology.
  • Affects 1% of full-term male infants unilaterally and 20% bilaterally within the first year of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors influencing postpubertal spermatogenesis in relation to early-life development.
  • To summarize current knowledge on cryptorchidism and its long-term reproductive outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and knowledge synthesis.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical outcomes related to cryptorchidism.

Main Results:

  • Azoospermia affects 10% of men with unilateral and 32% with bilateral cryptorchidism.
Keywords:
Abnormalities, genitalFertilityOrchiopexySpermatogenesisTestes, undescended

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  • 10-20% of men diagnosed with infertility have a history of orchiopexy (surgical correction).

    • Conclusions:

    • Early-life factors in cryptorchidism significantly influence postpubertal spermatogenesis.
    • Untreated or delayed treatment of cryptorchidism is associated with increased risks of male infertility and azoospermia.