Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

2.0K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
2.0K
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

1.6K
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
1.6K
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

1.6K
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
1.6K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

1.2K
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
1.2K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

2.2K
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
2.2K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

1.1K
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Toward building kidney organoids with plumbing: Fusion of nephron with ureteric bud.

Cell stem cell·2025
Same author

Hepatitis B virus promotes liver cancer by modulating the immune response to environmental carcinogens.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Transformation of landfill leachate into in-situ iron-carbon galvanic stabilizer for effective remediation of mercury-contaminated soils: a sustainable solution.

Environmental research·2025
Same author

A case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma mimicking angioedema.

Discover oncology·2025
Same author

Tanshinone IIA attenuates sepsis-induced lung injury by reducing VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT-driven mitochondrial disruption dependent apoptosis.

Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology·2025
Same author

Deep Learning-Enhanced Noninvasive Detection of Pulmonary Hypertension and Subtypes via Chest Radiographs, Validated by Catheterization.

Chest·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.6K

A Man With Intractable Convulsion.

Yun Xia1, Anthony Cutrona1, Timothy J Barreiro1

  • 1Department of Medical Education and Research, St Elizabeth Health Center, Youngstown; †Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown; and ‡ College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University Heritage, Athens, OH.

Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice (Baltimore, Md.)
|June 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Tetanus is rare due to vaccination, but this case highlights the importance of recognizing symptoms. Diagnosis can be challenging as lab tests for the tetanus pathogen and toxin are often negative.

Keywords:
convulsionmuscle contractionmuscle spasmtetanustrismus

More Related Videos

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

20.1K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
09:57

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

Published on: September 20, 2024

3.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.6K
Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

20.1K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
09:57

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

Published on: September 20, 2024

3.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Tetanus is an uncommon disease in the U.S., with fewer than 40 annual cases reported.
  • High vaccination rates contribute to the rarity of tetanus.
  • Clinical recognition is crucial due to low pathogen recovery rates (30%) and rare toxin detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of tetanus in an unvaccinated elderly male.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical diagnosis in tetanus cases.
  • To highlight challenges in laboratory confirmation of tetanus.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Review of clinical presentation and patient history.
  • Discussion of diagnostic limitations for tetanus.

Main Results:

  • A case of tetanus occurred in an elderly man with a history of adverse reaction to childhood vaccination and subsequent lifelong non-vaccination.
  • The patient's clinical presentation led to diagnosis despite challenges in laboratory confirmation.

Conclusions:

  • Tetanus can occur in unvaccinated individuals, even with a history of vaccination reaction.
  • Clinical suspicion is paramount for diagnosing tetanus, especially when laboratory tests are negative.
  • This case underscores the need for vigilance in recognizing tetanus symptoms in at-risk populations.