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Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

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Quantitative analysis of inner-ear barotrauma using a Eustachian tube function analyzer.

Naoharu Kitajima^1,2, Akemi Sugita-Kitajima^3,4, Seiji Kitajima³

¹Kitajima ENT Clinic, 1-15-15 Tagara Nerima-ku, Tokyo 179-0073, Japan, nao-ake@bk2.so-net.ne.jp.

Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

|June 24, 2016

Summary

Recreational divers with inner-ear barotrauma (IEBt) often show normal Eustachian tube function on impedance tests, though some exhibit irregular curves. Early treatment of Eustachian tube dysfunction is crucial for preventing IEBt.

Keywords:

ENT equipment injuries patient monitoring scuba diving vertigo

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Area of Science:

Diving Medicine
Otolaryngology
Barotrauma Research

Background:

Inner-ear barotrauma (IEBt) is a potential risk for recreational divers.
Understanding the factors contributing to IEBt is essential for diver safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between Eustachian tube function and the occurrence of inner-ear barotrauma (IEBt) in recreational divers.
To compare Eustachian tube function in divers with IEBt versus healthy individuals.

Main Methods:

A comparative study involving 16 recreational divers with IEBt and 20 healthy volunteers.
Eustachian tube function was assessed using regular impedance testing.
Comparison of impedance test results between the IEBt group and the control group.

Main Results:

No significant overall differences in Eustachian tube function were found between IEBt divers and healthy volunteers.
However, seven IEBt divers displayed irregular compliance curves during impedance testing.
Vertigo and high-tone hearing loss were reported in seven IEBt divers, with symptoms worsening at greater depths.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive evaluation of Eustachian tube function is recommended for scuba divers to prevent IEBt.
Pre-dive treatment of any identified Eustachian tube dysfunction is advised.
Further research is needed to better understand IEBt mechanisms and risk factors in divers.