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Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

2
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.2K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

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Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses.

James J Dunn1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.

Microbiology Spectrum
|June 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Enteroviruses and human parechoviruses cause prevalent infections, especially in neonates. Molecular diagnostics are key for identifying these viruses, crucial for patient prognosis and treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neonatal Medicine

Background:

  • Enteroviruses and human parechoviruses are common viral pathogens with significant impact, particularly in neonates.
  • B-cell immunodeficiencies increase risk for severe, often fatal, enteroviral meningoencephalitis.
  • Transplant recipients and cancer patients face risks of severe enterovirus infections, including disseminated disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and clinical significance of enterovirus and human parechovirus infections.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic challenges and importance of accurate laboratory identification.
  • To underscore the role of diagnostics in patient management and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic approaches for enterovirus and human parechovirus.

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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 Conditions
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Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
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  • Discussion of molecular diagnostic techniques, including nucleic acid detection.
  • Analysis of limitations in routine diagnostic methods.

    • Main Results:

    • Molecular diagnostics are the primary method for detecting enterovirus and human parechovirus.
    • Standard enterovirus nucleic acid tests do not detect human parechoviruses.
    • Accurate laboratory diagnosis is critical for patient outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of enterovirus and human parechovirus infections relies on precise laboratory diagnosis.
    • Distinguishing between these viral infections is essential for appropriate clinical care.
    • Advancements in molecular diagnostics are vital for improving patient prognosis.