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Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge01:15

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The utilization of strain gauges as transducers for converting mechanical strain into electrical signals is a common practice in various engineering applications. These strain gauges are frequently integrated into Wheatstone bridge circuits to accurately measure parameters such as force or pressure. Within this context, each element within the circuit exhibits a resistance that undergoes subtle variations when subjected to mechanical strain. The primary objective is to convert minuscule...
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Tension is a force along the length of a medium, in particular, a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable. The word "tension" comes from Latin, meaning "to stretch". Not coincidentally, the flexible cords that carry muscle forces to other parts of the body are called tendons. Any flexible connector, such as a string, rope, chain, wire, or cable, can exert pull only parallel to its length; so, a force carried by a flexible connector is a tension with a...
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example01:22

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In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.
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Measurements of Strain01:27

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Parallel plate capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by a certain distance. However, it is mechanically difficult to hold the large plates parallel to each other without actual contact. Hence, a dielectric layer is commonly placed between the plates, which provides an easy solution for holding the plates together with a small gap and increases the capacitance of the capacitor.
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Flexible Bond Wire Capacitive Strain Sensor for Vehicle Tyres.

Siyang Cao1, Simon Pyatt2, Carl J Anthony3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. siyangfox@gmail.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

A new flexible capacitive strain sensor using wire bonds accurately measures tyre strain. This innovation enhances vehicle safety and maneuverability through reliable, low-cost, mass-producible strain sensing technology.

Keywords:
PDMSflexiblestrain sensorwire bonding

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Vehicle safety and maneuverability depend on accurate tyre strain detection.
  • Existing strain sensors often lack the flexibility required for accurate measurement in deformable materials like rubber.
  • Developing a flexible sensor is crucial to avoid deforming the measurement medium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop, fabricate, and calibrate a novel flexible bond wire capacitive strain sensor for tyre applications.
  • To create a sensor capable of accurately measuring large strains in tyres without compromising performance.
  • To assess the sensor's suitability for mass production and commercialization.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an interdigitated capacitive sensor using an array of 25-micron diameter wire bonds (50 loops, 49 pairs).
  • Utilizing laser machining to pattern copper on a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) for wire attachment.
  • Encapsulating the wire array in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for strain application and testing.

Main Results:

  • The sensor demonstrated a near-linear relationship between capacitance and strain.
  • Accurate measurement of tyre strain up to ±60,000 micro-strain (±6%) was achieved.
  • A high resolution of approximately 132 micro-strain (0.013%) was obtained, validated by in-tyre static loading tests.

Conclusions:

  • The developed flexible bond wire capacitive strain sensor effectively measures large tyre strains.
  • The fabrication technology is amenable to mass production, indicating potential for low-cost commercialization.
  • This sensor technology offers a promising solution for enhancing vehicle safety systems.