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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Types of Flows01:23

Introduction to Types of Flows

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Fluid flows are categorized by dimensionality and behavior, with one-dimensional flow being the simplest form, where properties like velocity and pressure change only along a single axis. Water moving through straight pipes exemplifies this flow type, as variations in other directions are minimal. One-dimensional analysis helps simplify understanding such flows, focusing solely on changes along the pipe's length.
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Understanding fluid flow behavior through pipes is critical in fluid mechanics, especially in applications like oil transportation through pipelines. Hagen-Poiseuille's law provides an exact solution derived from the Navier-Stokes equations for steady, incompressible, and laminar flow within a circular pipe. Hagen-Poiseuille's law helps determine the necessary pressure drop across a pipeline section by determining parameters like pipe length, radius, oil viscosity, and the desired volumetric...
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines01:18

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A streamline represents the trajectory that is always tangent to the fluid's velocity vector at any given point. The velocity of a fluid particle is always directed along the streamline, ensuring the particle continuously follows the streamline's path. Streamlines are particularly useful for visualizing the overall direction of flow in a fluid system, and they provide an instantaneous representation of the flow's velocity field. In steady flow, where conditions do not change over...
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Next generation of flow analysis is based on flow programming.

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Programmable flow injection in batch mode: Determination of nutrients in sea water by using a single, salinity independent calibration line, obtained with standards prepared in distilled water.

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The performance of a new linear light path flow cell is compared with a liquid core waveguide and the linear cell is used for spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in sea water at nanomolar concentrations.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition
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From continuous flow analysis to programmable Flow Injection techniques. A history and tutorial of emerging

Jaromir Jarda Ruzicka1

  • 1Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

Talanta
|June 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Flow programming enhances flow analysis (FA) by reducing reagent waste and improving assay sensitivity using stop flow measurements. This advanced sample processing enables efficient calibration and sample preparation.

Keywords:
Continuous flow analysisExtensive dilutionFlow InjectionFlow programmingMicrofluidicsSequential InjectionSingle standard calibration

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Process Automation

Background:

  • Flow Analysis (FA) automates reagent-based assays through sample processing and detection.
  • Conventional FA relies on continuous flow, leading to high reagent consumption and chemical waste.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight advancements in flow programming for reagent conservation.
  • To introduce selective and sensitive assays using stop flow measurements.
  • To demonstrate applications in single standard calibration and sample preparation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of flow programming techniques for advanced sample processing.
  • Implementation of stop flow measurements for enhanced detection.
  • Novel data harvesting methods for improved calibration and interference avoidance.

Main Results:

  • Flow programming significantly reduces reagent usage and chemical waste.
  • Stop flow measurements enable selective and sensitive assay development.
  • The method facilitates single standard calibration and avoids refractive index interference.

Conclusions:

  • Flow programming offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional Flow Analysis.
  • Advanced sample processing via flow programming enhances assay performance and broadens applicability.
  • This approach is valuable for both sensitive detection and rapid sample preparation.