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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation
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Mitochondrial Epigenetics and Environmental Exposure.

Luca Lambertini1,2, Hyang-Min Byun3,4

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levi Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA. luca.lambertini@mssm.edu.

Current Environmental Health Reports
|June 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial epigenetics offers promising biomarkers for environmental disease. Studying mitochondrial DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs can reveal disease links and inform new therapies.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEnvironmental exposureEpigeneticsMitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Rising chronic diseases linked to environmental pollutants and socio-economic factors.
  • Need for biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention in environmental diseases.
  • Mitochondria are key in cellular response to environmental exposures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging field of mitochondrial epigenetics.
  • To discuss epigenetic modifications of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
  • To explore the potential of mtDNA epigenetic biomarkers for environmental exposures and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on mitochondrial epigenetics.
  • Description of epigenetic phenomena affecting mtDNA, including DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs.
  • Analysis of studies correlating environmental exposures with mtDNA methylation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial epigenetics, including DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, are informative about environmental impact.
  • Mitochondrial DNA methylation has unique patterns and measurement challenges.
  • Existing studies show correlations between environmental exposures and mtDNA methylation.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial epigenetics provides valuable biomarkers for environmental exposure and disease.
  • Further research into mtDNA methylation and non-coding RNAs is crucial.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria are under development.