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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets
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Novel phenotypes of prediabetes?

Hans-Ulrich Häring1,2,3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. Hans-Ulrich.Haering@med.uni-tuebingen.de.

Diabetologia
|June 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study explores prediabetes phenotypes, linking genetic variations like TCF7L2 to insulin secretion issues and obesity subtypes. It also examines ectopic fat, organ crosstalk, and brain insulin resistance in prediabetes development.

Keywords:
Brain insulin resistanceInsulinLiver fatPhenotypePrediabetesReviewSecretionSensitivity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Prediabetes signifies an increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
  • Understanding prediabetes phenotypes is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Genetic and metabolic factors significantly influence prediabetes progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe diverse phenotypes observed in a prediabetic population.
  • To investigate the impact of genetic variations on insulin secretion and incretin resistance.
  • To characterize subphenotypes of obesity, ectopic fat, and their metabolic consequences.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of phenotypic data from a prediabetic cohort at the University hospital of Tübingen.
  • Examination of genetic variations, including the TCF7L2 gene variant.
  • Utilisation of imaging studies to assess fat distribution and ectopic fat depots.
  • Evaluation of hepatokines, such as fetuin-A, and brain insulin resistance.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific phenotypes related to insulin secretion, including compensatory hypersecretion and incretin resistance in TCF7L2 variant carriers.
  • Characterized subphenotypes of obesity (metabolically healthy vs. unhealthy) and ectopic fat in the liver and pancreas.
  • Demonstrated the metabolic impact of perivascular adipose tissue and pancreatic fat.
  • Highlighted the role of fetuin-A in organ crosstalk and brain insulin resistance in prediabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic variations and ectopic fat accumulation are key determinants of prediabetes phenotypes.
  • Metabolic health is significantly influenced by fat distribution and organ-specific fat depots.
  • Brain insulin resistance plays a role in the development of diverse prediabetes phenotypes.