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Glucocorticoid programming of intrauterine development.

A L Fowden1, O A Valenzuela1, O R Vaughan1

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Glucocorticoids (GCs) act as developmental programming signals in utero, permanently altering offspring phenotype. Early-life GC overexposure can lead to maladaptive outcomes and adult physiological dysfunction, especially if postnatal environments differ.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Science

Background:

  • Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical signals during fetal development, influencing tissue maturation and growth.
  • Elevated prenatal GCs can prematurely shift development from growth to differentiation, altering the offspring's phenotype.
  • These programming effects optimize in utero survival but can have long-term consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of glucocorticoids in developmental programming, focusing on farm species.
  • To examine factors affecting GC bioavailability and their impact on fetal development.
  • To discuss GC programming's molecular mechanisms, windows of susceptibility, and long-term effects on offspring phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on glucocorticoid's role in intrauterine development and programming.
  • Analysis of factors influencing fetal glucocorticoid exposure and bioavailability.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms and long-term consequences of early-life GC exposure.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure influences tissue differentiation and organ system development.
  • Early-life GC overexposure can lead to maladaptive phenotypes, particularly cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine dysfunctions.
  • The impact of GC programming depends on the timing of exposure and postnatal environmental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Glucocorticoids are potent developmental programming signals with lasting effects on offspring phenotype.
  • Altered prenatal GC signaling can result in adult physiological dysfunction if postnatal conditions are mismatched.
  • Understanding GC programming is crucial for mitigating long-term health consequences in livestock and potentially humans.