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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

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Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Long Cyclic Life in Manganese Oxide-Based Electrodes.

Zhaoming Wang1, Qingqing Qin, Wei Xu1

  • 1Key Lab of Material Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Hefei 230031, Anhui People's Republic of China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Stable pseudocapacitors require understanding manganese oxide cycling. Detached active materials, not ion dissolution, cause capacitance loss, with morphology changes impacting performance. Hierarchical sphere electrodes achieve 40,000 stable cycles.

Keywords:
cycling stabilitydissolution issuemanganese oxidesmorphology transformationsupercapacitor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Long cyclic life is crucial for pseudocapacitor applications.
  • Manganese oxides (MnOx) are promising electrode materials.
  • Capacitance degradation in MnOx is often attributed to dissolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate factors affecting the cycling behavior of manganese oxides.
  • To clarify the mechanism behind specific capacitance degradation.
  • To provide insights for developing highly stable supercapacitors.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical cycling of MnOx-based electrodes.
  • Analysis of electrolyte changes and material morphology.
  • Performance evaluation of MnO2 hierarchical sphere electrodes.

Main Results:

  • Capacitance loss is due to detached active materials ('flotsam'), not Mn2+ dissolution.
  • Morphological transformation occurs during cycling, from flakes to nanowires, affecting performance.
  • Electrochemical oxidation can increase specific capacitance.
  • MnO2 hierarchical spheres exhibit exceptional stability over 40,000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The cycling behavior of MnOx is governed by material detachment, morphological evolution, and electrochemical oxidation.
  • Understanding these factors is key to designing stable pseudocapacitors.
  • Hierarchical sphere architectures offer a pathway to ultra-stable energy storage devices.