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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Thyroid Hormones Enhance Mitochondrial Function in Human Epidermis.

Silvia Vidali1, Jérémy Chéret2, Melanie Giesen3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise-THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones (THs) boost mitochondrial function in human skin cells, increasing key proteins and activities. Unlike aging markers, THs promote skin health and collagen production, suggesting topical use for skin conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Endocrinology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Skin Aging Research

Background:

  • The role of thyroid hormones (THs) in human epidermal mitochondrial regulation remains largely unexplored.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in skin aging processes.
  • Understanding THs' impact on skin mitochondria could reveal new therapeutic avenues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) regulate mitochondrial function in human epidermis.
  • To assess the effects of THs on skin aging biomarkers and extracellular matrix components.
  • To explore the potential of topical THs for treating skin conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Organ-cultured human skin and isolated human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with triiodothyronine or thyroxine.
  • Mitochondrial function markers, including protein expression (MTCO1, TFAM), enzyme activities (complex I, II/IV), and mitochondrial number, were analyzed.
  • Skin aging biomarkers (ROS, MMPs, Sirt1, p16(ink4)), extracellular matrix deposition (collagen, fibrillin), and mTOR signaling were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Both THs significantly enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing MTCO1 expression, complex I activity, and mitochondrial content.
  • Triiodothyronine boosted TFAM expression and collagen/fibrillin transcription, while thyroxine increased complex II/IV activity and decreased p16(ink4) expression.
  • THs did not increase oxidative stress or MMP activity but promoted collagen and fibrillin deposition, down-regulating aging biomarkers and mTOR signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are potent stimulators of mitochondrial function in human epidermis.
  • TH treatment down-regulates skin aging biomarkers and promotes the deposition of key structural proteins like collagen and fibrillin.
  • Topical THs warrant further investigation as potential therapeutic agents for skin conditions associated with impaired mitochondrial function.