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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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Social psychology is a scientific discipline dedicated to understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. Unlike common sense, which relies on anecdotal experiences and intuition, social psychology employs systematic research and empirical methods to ensure objectivity and reliability. This distinction is fundamental in distinguishing scientifically supported findings from mere speculation.Four fundamental scientific values guide a structured approach to research in...
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Archival Research01:40

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Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...
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Quality Assurance01:19

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Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
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Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing01:13

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Hypothesis testing is a fundamental statistical tool that begins with the assumption that the null hypothesis H0 is true. During this process, two types of errors can occur: Type I and Type II. A Type I error refers to the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, while a Type II error involves the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
In hypothesis testing, the probability of making a Type I error, denoted as α, is commonly set at 0.05. This significance level indicates a 5%...
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The Essential Need for Research Misconduct Allegation Audits.

Lisa Loikith1, Robert Bauchwitz2

  • 1Amerandus Research, 1735 Market Street, Suite 3750, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.

Science and Engineering Ethics
|June 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Most U.S. research misconduct allegations are dismissed without review, hindering accountability. Applying auditing standards could improve oversight of the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and other agencies.

Keywords:
AuditConflicts of interestGAGASHHSInspector GeneralNSFORIResearch misconductThreats to independenceYellow Book

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Scientific Integrity
  • Research Oversight

Background:

  • Nearly 90% of U.S. biomedical research misconduct allegations are dismissed without faculty assessment or auditable records.
  • Concerns exist regarding light penalties and insufficient recovery of grant funds in research misconduct cases.
  • Federal agencies like the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and Office of Inspector General (OIG) oversee investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify systemic flaws in the handling of biomedical research misconduct allegations in the U.S.
  • To propose improvements for auditing the effectiveness of research misconduct investigations.
  • To advocate for enhanced accountability and transparency in scientific integrity processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing laws and oversight mechanisms for biomedical research misconduct.
  • Discussion of the limitations in data retention by U.S. research institutions.
  • Proposal for the application of Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS/Yellow Book).

Main Results:

  • A significant flaw exists due to insufficient data retention, preventing effective performance audits of misconduct allegation handling.
  • Current oversight processes may not adequately ensure the proper investigation and resolution of research misconduct claims.
  • Existing frameworks lack the necessary components for robust auditing of institutional and federal agency performance.

Conclusions:

  • Applying GAGAS/Yellow Book standards to research misconduct oversight can determine functional adequacy and identify areas for improvement.
  • Independent, external peer review under GAGAS audit standards is crucial for assessing federal agencies like ORI.
  • Implementing these auditing standards is essential to enhance the integrity and effectiveness of biomedical research misconduct investigations.