Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Published on: September 28, 2022
Lytic bacteriophage PM16 specific for Proteus mirabilis: a novel member of the genus Phikmvvirus
V Morozova1, Yu Kozlova2, E Shedko2
1Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentieva Ave., 8, Novosibirsk, Russia. morozova@niboch.nsc.ru.
Abstract:
Lytic Proteus phage PM16, isolated from human faeces, is a novel virus that is specific for Proteus mirabilis cells. Bacteriophage PM16 is characterized by high stability, a short latency period, large burst size and the occurrence of low phage resistance. Phage PM16 was classified as a member of the genus Phikmvvirus on the basis of genome organization, gene synteny, and protein sequences similarities. Within the genus Phikmvvirus, phage PM16 is grouped with Vibrio phage VP93, Pantoea phage LIMElight, Acinetobacter phage Petty, Enterobacter phage phiKDA1, and KP34-like bacteriophages. An investigation of the phage-cell interaction demonstrated that phage PM16 attached to the cell surface, not to the bacterial flagella. The study of P. mirabilis mutant cells obtained during the phage-resistant bacterial cell assay that were resistant to phage PM16 re-infection revealed a non-swarming phenotype, changes in membrane characteristics, and the absence of flagella. Presumably, the resistance of non-swarming P. mirabilis cells to phage PM16 re-infection is determined by changes in membrane macromolecular composition and is associated with the absence of flagella and a non-swarming phenotype.
Insights
Proteus phage PM16, a novel virus targeting Proteus mirabilis, exhibits high stability and infectivity. Resistance to this phage in bacteria is linked to a loss of flagella and non-swarming behavior.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Virology
- Bacteriology
Background:
- Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium implicated in various infections.
- Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and are being explored as therapeutic agents.
- Understanding phage-host interactions is crucial for phage therapy development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize the lytic Proteus phage PM16.
- To investigate the interaction between phage PM16 and Proteus mirabilis.
- To elucidate the mechanisms of phage resistance in P. mirabilis.
Main Methods:
- Isolation and characterization of Proteus phage PM16 from human faeces.
- Genomic and proteomic analysis for phage classification.
- Phage-cell interaction assays, including attachment studies.
- Analysis of phage-resistant P. mirabilis mutants.
Main Results:
- Phage PM16 is a novel, stable lytic virus specific for P. mirabilis, belonging to the Phikmvvirus genus.
- Phage PM16 attaches to the bacterial cell surface, not flagella.
- P. mirabilis mutants resistant to phage PM16 exhibited a non-swarming phenotype, altered membrane characteristics, and lacked flagella.
Conclusions:
- Phage PM16 is a promising candidate for targeting P. mirabilis infections.
- Bacterial resistance to phage PM16 is associated with flagellar absence and a non-swarming phenotype, likely due to changes in membrane composition.
Related Concept Videos
Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages
DNA Bacteriophages
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle
Bacterial Phylum Tenericutes
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

