Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

9.3K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
9.3K
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

16.5K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
16.5K
Lethal Alleles02:41

Lethal Alleles

19.1K
Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...
19.1K
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

43.9K
Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
43.9K
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

1.8K
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
1.8K
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.6K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Data-Driven Decision Support in Obesity Management Commission: enabling more equitable and personalized obesity care.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Combining polygenic risk scores to understand genetic liability to physical-mental health multimorbidity in UK Biobank.

Human molecular genetics·2026
Same author

Extreme heat impacts on daily life and adaptive behaviours captured through lived experience.

Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site]·2026
Same author

The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children - a resource for COVID-19 research: questionnaire data capture July 2021 to December 2021, with a focus on long COVID.

Wellcome open research·2026
Same author

Untargeted metabolomics data in the By-Band-Sleeve trial and ALSPAC: integrating clinical trial and population cohort data.

Wellcome open research·2026
Same author

Genetic Determinants of Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility in People From Diverse Ancestral Backgrounds.

Neurology·2026
Same journal

Maternal congenital heart disease and risk of child developmental vulnerability in early school age: A population-based cohort study.

PLoS medicine·2026
Same journal

Accelerometry-measured prolonged and interrupted sedentary behavior and cancer incidence and mortality: A cohort study of 91,292 UK Biobank participants.

PLoS medicine·2026
Same journal

Precision oncology's translation gap-Can molecular tumor boards bridge it?

PLoS medicine·2026
Same journal

Improving suicide prevention in men.

PLoS medicine·2026
Same journal

Multilevel onsite training and mentorship model to accelerate early childhood cancer diagnosis in Northwest Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental mixed method study.

PLoS medicine·2026
Same journal

The well-worn path from armed conflict to measles resurgence.

PLoS medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.8K

Obesity and Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Lauren E Mokry1,2, Stephanie Ross2, Nicholas J Timpson3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Plos Medicine
|June 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetically elevated body mass index (BMI) is causally linked to an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). This suggests obesity in early life may be a significant factor in MS development.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest a link between early adulthood obesity (high BMI) and multiple sclerosis (MS) risk.
  • Potential biases like confounding and reverse causation may affect these observational findings.
  • Mendelian randomization (MR) is employed to assess causality between genetically influenced BMI and MS risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationship between genetically determined body mass index (BMI) and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To address potential biases present in previous observational studies by utilizing a Mendelian randomization approach.

Main Methods:

  • A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was used.
  • Summary statistics from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for BMI (GIANT consortium) and MS (International MS Genetics Consortium) were utilized.
  • Seventy single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with BMI were analyzed for their association with MS risk.

Main Results:

  • A genetically determined 1 standard deviation increase in BMI was associated with a 41% increased odds of MS (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.66).
  • Sensitivity analyses (MR-Egger, weighted median) did not indicate significant pleiotropic effects.
  • The findings provide evidence for a causal link between elevated BMI and MS susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Genetically elevated BMI is causally associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • This study supports a causal role for obesity in the etiology of MS.
  • The findings highlight the potential long-term consequences of obesity in childhood and early adulthood on MS risk.