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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

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Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

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Uridine Triacetate.

Dennis J Cada, Uzoma Mbogu, Ross J Bindler

    Hospital Pharmacy
    |June 30, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Formulary Monograph Service provides monthly drug monographs and utilization evaluations for Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. This service aids in informed medication decisions for newly released and investigational drugs.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Clinical Pharmacy
    • Drug Information

    Background:

    • The Formulary Monograph Service delivers essential drug information to healthcare professionals.
    • It focuses on newly released and late-stage investigational drugs.
    • Targeted content supports Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees and clinical decision-making.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide subscribers with comprehensive, up-to-date drug information.
    • To support evidence-based formulary management and medication use.
    • To facilitate informed drug selection and utilization.

    Main Methods:

    • Monthly delivery of 5-6 detailed drug monographs.
    • Inclusion of 1-page summary monographs for pharmacy and nursing in-services.

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  • Provision of a comprehensive drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE).

    • Main Results:

    • Subscribers receive print and online access to monographs.
    • Customization options are available to meet facility-specific needs.
    • A monthly drug class review is now included.

    Conclusions:

    • The service offers a valuable resource for drug information and utilization review.
    • It supports efficient formulary management and safe medication practices.
    • The integration of drug class reviews enhances its utility for P&T Committees.