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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes
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Aneuploidy in stem cells.

Jorge Garcia-Martinez1, Bjorn Bakker1, Klaske M Schukken1

  • 1Jorge Garcia-Martinez, Bjorn Bakker, Klaske M Schukken, Judith E Simon, Floris Foijer, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.

World Journal of Stem Cells
|June 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) offer regenerative medicine potential but may inherit aneuploidies from somatic cells, risking disease or malignancy. Understanding stem cell responses to aneuploidy is crucial for safe therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
AneuploidyChromosomal instabilityEmbryonic stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cellsMesenchymal stem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Stem cells are vital for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) are generated from somatic cells.
  • Somatic cells can accumulate chromosomal abnormalities like aneuploidies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of aneuploidy in healthy tissues and disease.
  • To explore how aneuploidy affects induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs).
  • To compare the responses of somatic cells and stem cells to aneuploidy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on aneuploidy in stem cells and somatic cells.
  • Analysis of the implications of aneuploidy for regenerative medicine.
  • Discussion of disease mechanisms linked to aneuploidy.

Main Results:

  • Aneuploidy in somatic cells can be transmitted to IPSCs.
  • Aneuploidy contributes to both healthy tissue function and disease development.
  • Stem cells and somatic cells exhibit differential responses to aneuploidy.

Conclusions:

  • Aneuploidy poses a risk for IPSC-based therapies due to potential malignancy.
  • Further research is needed to understand and mitigate aneuploidy risks in stem cell applications.
  • Differential responses highlight the unique biology of stem cells concerning chromosomal instability.