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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Human enamel thickness and ENAM polymorphism.

Diane M Daubert1, Joanna L Kelley2, Yuriy G Udod1

  • 1Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.

International Journal of Oral Science
|July 1, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The enamelin (ENAM) gene, linked to tooth enamel development, shows a genetic variant associated with thinner enamel. This finding provides direct evidence of a dental gene influencing oral structures during human evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Human evolutionary genetics
  • Dental anthropology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • The enamelin (ENAM) gene is crucial for tooth enamel development.
  • Previous genome-wide scans indicated positive selection on ENAM during human and primate evolution.
  • A specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), C14625T (rs7671281), was identified in ENAM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the ENAM SNP C14625T is associated with variations in tooth enamel thickness.
  • To explore the phenotypic effect of this genetic variant on enamel structure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of digital radiographs and DNA samples from 133 subjects (244 teeth).
  • Assessment of enamel thickness in relation to ENAM SNP status (rs7671281).
  • Statistical analysis using linear regression and generalized estimating equations, controlling for age, sex, tooth number, and crown length.

Main Results:

  • Enamel thickness was significantly thinner in subjects with the derived ENAM allele (P=0.040), with a recessive effect observed.
  • Females exhibited thicker enamel compared to males.
  • Enamel thickness increased with crown length and molar number, while decreasing with age.

Conclusions:

  • The derived ENAM genotype is associated with thinner dental enamel.
  • This study provides the first direct evidence linking a gene involved in human adaptive evolution to a specific phenotypic effect on oral structures.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the genetic basis of dental variation and human evolution.