Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Blockers01:28

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Blockers

1.8K
Ganglionic blockers inhibit autonomic activity by blocking nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, suppressing impulse transmission. These blockers lack selectivity between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and are ineffective as neuromuscular junction antagonists. They can be categorized into two groups:
1.8K
Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade01:29

Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade

5.7K
The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
5.7K
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

1.1K
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
1.1K
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

3.3K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
3.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

1.8K
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
1.8K
Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

3.3K
Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Emphysematous pancreatitis.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians·2019
Same author

Chemical ablation of stellate ganglion for head and neck cancer pain.

Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica·2016
Same author

Topic: Abdominal Wall Hernia - Spigelian hernia, anatomy, incidence, repair.

Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery·2015
Same author

Incisional Hernia: Difficult Cases 1.

Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery·2015
Same author

Gross tracheal deviation: airway challenges and concerns--two case reports.

Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica·2012
Same author

Denture mimicking vocal cords--a rare entity. A case report.

Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica·2011

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve
06:48

Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve

Published on: November 30, 2018

9.3K

Stellate ganglion blockade-techniques and modalities.

A Ghai, T Kaushik, R Wadhera

    Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica
    |July 2, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Stellate ganglion block (SGB) aids in diagnosing and managing upper extremity, head, and neck pain. Ultrasound guidance offers a safer alternative to blind techniques, improving drug deposition and preventing complications.

    Area of Science:

    • Interventional Pain Management
    • Neurology
    • Vascular Medicine

    Background:

    • Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a crucial diagnostic and therapeutic tool for vascular disorders and sympathetically mediated pain affecting the upper extremity, head, and neck.
    • The anatomical proximity of the stellate ganglion to vital structures necessitates precise needle placement to avoid inadvertent injury to adjacent soft tissues and vessels.
    • Traditional blind SGB techniques carry risks of complications due to the complex surrounding anatomy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review various interventional modalities employed for stellate ganglion block.
    • To evaluate the efficacy and limitations of different SGB techniques, including imaging-guided methods.
    • To highlight ultrasound as a practical and safe alternative for SGB.

    Main Methods:

    More Related Videos

    Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
    09:35

    Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

    Published on: May 10, 2017

    19.8K
    Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
    07:58

    Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

    Published on: November 21, 2025

    267

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

    Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve
    06:48

    Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve

    Published on: November 30, 2018

    9.3K
    Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
    09:35

    Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

    Published on: May 10, 2017

    19.8K
    Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
    07:58

    Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

    Published on: November 21, 2025

    267
    • Review of existing literature on stellate ganglion block techniques.
    • Comparison of blind technique with various imaging modalities: fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, and radionuclide tracers.
    • Emphasis on ultrasound-guided SGB for direct visualization of soft tissues and precise drug delivery.

    Main Results:

    • Conventional blind SGB techniques are associated with risks of inadvertent needle placement.
    • Advanced imaging techniques (CT, MRI, etc.) may be time-consuming, costly, or involve radiation exposure.
    • Fluoroscopy does not adequately visualize nearby blood vessels, posing a risk.
    • Ultrasound provides direct visualization of soft tissues, enabling safer needle placement and subfascial drug deposition.

    Conclusions:

    • Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block represents a significant advancement in safety and efficacy.
    • This technique minimizes complications by allowing direct visualization of critical anatomical structures.
    • Ultrasound facilitates accurate and targeted drug delivery, enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of SGB.