[Olfactory dysfunction : Update on diagnosis and treatment].

Area of Science:

• Otorhinolaryngology
• Neurology
• Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

• Olfactory dysfunction (dysosmia) is a prevalent condition, especially in older adults.
• It serves as a crucial early indicator for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
• Causes are categorized as sinonasal or non-sinonasal.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the diagnostic significance of olfactory dysfunction in identifying neurodegenerative diseases.
• To emphasize the role of modern imaging techniques in managing dysosmia.
• To outline current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) examinations.
• Olfactory testing, including standardized methods like "Sniffin' Sticks".
• Advanced imaging modalities, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Main Results:

• Dysosmia is a key early symptom for diagnosing Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
• MRI plays an increasingly vital role in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.
• Olfactory testing requires age-specific adaptations, especially for children.
• Treatment strategies vary based on etiology, including olfactory training, anti-inflammatory measures, and surgery.

Conclusions:

• Early detection of olfactory dysfunction aids in diagnosing neurodegenerative conditions.
• Integrated diagnostic approaches combining clinical evaluation, olfactory testing, and MRI are essential.
• Tailored treatments based on the underlying cause offer promising outcomes for patients with dysosmia.
• Neurosurgeons must be aware of olfactory pathway anatomy for intracranial causes to ensure optimal patient prognosis.