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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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[Olfactory dysfunction : Update on diagnosis and treatment].

M Kühn1,2, N Abolmaali3, M Smitka4

  • 1Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen & Schmecken, Klinik und Poliklinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.

HNO
|July 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction, common in the elderly, can signal neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's. Diagnosis involves ENT exams, olfactory tests, and MRI, guiding tailored treatments.

Keywords:
Diagnostic imagingNeurological diagnostic techniquesOlfactory nerve diseasesOlfactory pathwaysOlfactory perception

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (dysosmia) is a prevalent condition, especially in older adults.
  • It serves as a crucial early indicator for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Causes are categorized as sinonasal or non-sinonasal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic significance of olfactory dysfunction in identifying neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To emphasize the role of modern imaging techniques in managing dysosmia.
  • To outline current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) examinations.
  • Olfactory testing, including standardized methods like "Sniffin' Sticks".
  • Advanced imaging modalities, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Main Results:

  • Dysosmia is a key early symptom for diagnosing Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
  • MRI plays an increasingly vital role in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.
  • Olfactory testing requires age-specific adaptations, especially for children.
  • Treatment strategies vary based on etiology, including olfactory training, anti-inflammatory measures, and surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection of olfactory dysfunction aids in diagnosing neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Integrated diagnostic approaches combining clinical evaluation, olfactory testing, and MRI are essential.
  • Tailored treatments based on the underlying cause offer promising outcomes for patients with dysosmia.
  • Neurosurgeons must be aware of olfactory pathway anatomy for intracranial causes to ensure optimal patient prognosis.