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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats
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Gender differences in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling.

Mario Patrizio1, Giuseppe Marano1

  • 1Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita
|July 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Gender significantly influences cardiac remodeling after injury, with males exhibiting greater responses than females. Estrogen may play a protective role, but underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Cardiac remodeling is a cellular and molecular response to cardiac injury, involving multiple cell types and leading to adverse outcomes.
  • Sex differences in cardiovascular disease prevalence and outcomes are well-documented, suggesting a role for gender in cardiac remodeling.
  • Existing research indicates males generally exhibit more pronounced cardiac remodeling than females.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current literature on the influence of gender on pathological cardiac remodeling.
  • To elucidate how sex differences impact clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses in cardiac remodeling.
  • To explore the potential role of estrogens in mitigating adverse cardiac remodeling.

Main Methods:

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  • Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating gender-based differences in cardiac remodeling.
  • Analysis of research focusing on pathological cardiac remodeling following ischemia and hypertension.
  • Examination of studies exploring the effects of sex hormones, particularly estrogens, on myocardial remodeling.

    • Main Results:

    • Males typically display greater cardiac remodeling responses compared to females following cardiac injury.
    • Sex differences contribute to varied clinical outcomes and therapeutic efficacies in cardiac remodeling.
    • Estrogens show potential in attenuating adverse cardiac remodeling, though specific mechanisms are not fully understood.

    Conclusions:

    • Gender is a critical determinant of pathological cardiac remodeling and subsequent clinical outcomes.
    • Further research is needed to identify the precise mechanisms by which gender modulates myocardial remodeling.
    • Understanding these sex differences is crucial for developing sex-specific therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.