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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
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Intracellular signalling pathways: targets to reverse immunosenescence.

T Fulop1, J M Witkowski2, A Le Page1

  • 1Research Center on Ageing, Department of Medicine, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|July 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Aging alters the immune system, a process called immunosenescence, leading to inflammation and increased disease risk. Research explores reversing these changes by targeting immune cell signaling pathways.

Keywords:
adaptive immunityagingimmunosenescenceinnate immunitylipid raftssignalling pathways

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Aging involves complex, multifactorial dysregulation of bodily systems.
  • Immunosenescence, detrimental changes in immune system architecture and function, is a hallmark of aging.
  • Age-associated inflammation, termed 'inflamm-aging,' is linked to chronic diseases and infection susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss age-related alterations in immune cell signaling pathways.
  • To examine current targets and methods for modulating immune function in aging.
  • To consider the potential benefits and risks of interventions aimed at reversing immunosenescence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on immunosenescence and cellular signaling.
  • Analysis of age-associated changes in immune cell pathways.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting immune signaling in aging.

Main Results:

  • Aging significantly impacts immune cell signaling, contributing to immunosenescence.
  • Specific signaling pathways are being identified as targets for intervention.
  • Interventions show potential for both benefits and risks, requiring careful consideration.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding altered immune cell signaling is crucial for addressing age-related decline.
  • Targeting these pathways offers novel therapeutic avenues for age-related diseases.
  • Future research should focus on safe and effective modulation of immunosenescence.