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Field Effect Transistor

Field Effect Transistor

Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...

MOSFET

MOSFET

The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) plays a pivotal role in modern electronics thanks to its versatility and efficiency in controlling electrical currents. This device, also known as IGFET, MISFET, and MOSFET, has three main terminals: the Source, Drain, and Gate. MOSFETs are classified into n-channel or p-channel types based on the doping characteristics of their substrate and the source or drain regions.
In an n-MOSFET, the structure includes n-type source and drain...

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no...

Characteristics of MOSFET

Characteristics of MOSFET

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect Transistors, or MOSFETs, play a critical role in electronic circuits. They are primarily utilized for amplifying and switching signals.
Various vital parameters influence their functionality, which is crucial for theory and electronics applications. First, channel dimensions, precisely length, and width, are pivotal. The size of these channels affects the transistor's ability to carry current and switching speeds; shorter channels typically enable...

Biasing of FET

Biasing of FET

Biasing a Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is crucial for setting operational parameters and ensuring efficient functioning in electronic circuits. JFETs are characterized by using a single carrier type in N-channel or P-channel configurations, where the channel is surrounded by PN junctions. These junctions are central to the device's ability to control current flow.
In an N-channel JFET, the structure consists of N-type material forming the channel on a P-type substrate, with the...

Characteristics of JFET

Characteristics of JFET

Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) exhibit specific operational characteristics based on the relationship between the drain current (id) and the drain-source voltage (Vds), along with varying gate-source voltages (Vgs).
The core of a JFET's operation is controlling drain current by modulating the gate-source voltage. When the drain and gate voltage are set to zero, the JFET exhibits no net current flow, representing a state of equilibrium. The drain current increases linearly as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing

Published on: August 29, 2025

Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs.

Vivek Pachauri¹, Sven Ingebrandt²

¹Biomedical Signalling Group, Department of Computer Sciences and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany.

Essays in Biochemistry

|July 2, 2016

Summary

This review explores ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) for biomolecular detection. It highlights silicon nanowire ISFETs (SiNW FETs) and nanomaterial-based sensors for sensitive DNA detection and single-cell analysis.

Keywords:

field-effect transistors field-effect-based biosensors silicon nanowire sensors

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Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing

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Published on: August 29, 2025

Preparation of Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor for Chemical and Biosensing Applications

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Published on: April 21, 2016

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Published on: December 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Electronic Sensors
Biomolecular Detection
Nanotechnology

Background:

Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs) are key electronic sensors for detecting biomolecules.
Classical ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) utilize a semiconductor transducer with a gate dielectric sensitive to surface chemical changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of ISFET biosensor history, operation, and sensing mechanisms.
To discuss advancements in silicon nanowire ISFETs (SiNW FETs) and functionalization strategies.
To highlight applications in DNA detection, single-cell analysis, and drug screening.

Main Methods:

Review of historical development and operational principles of ISFET biosensors.
Discussion of silicon nanowire-based ISFETs (SiNW FETs) and functionalization techniques.
Exploration of ISFETs utilizing nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and metal oxides.

Main Results:

SiNW FETs represent a modern nanoscale evolution of classical ISFETs.
Functionalization strategies enable sensitive label-free detection of DNA molecules.
ISFETs are applicable to single-cell recordings and drug screening.

Conclusions:

ISFETs, particularly SiNW FETs and other nanomaterial-based devices, offer high sensitivity for biomolecular detection.
Future directions include novel device platforms and miniaturized multichannel read-out tools for biomedical applications.