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Related Concept Videos

Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

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The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...
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Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

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Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
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Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

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Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
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Portland Cement01:21

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Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Coral Reef Arks: An In Situ Mesocosm and Toolkit for Assembling Reef Communities
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Crown Cementing Strategy for Naval Divers.

A Khanna1

  • 1Classified Specialist (Prosthodontics), AFDC, New Delhi.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|July 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Dental barotrauma affects divers and submariners, causing crown dislodgement. Resin cements, unlike zinc phosphate and glassionomer, maintained crown retention under pressure cycling, suggesting their suitability for high-pressure environments.

Area of Science:

  • Dental materials science
  • Hyperbaric medicine
  • Biomaterials engineering

Background:

  • Personnel in hyperbaric environments like divers and submariners experience dental issues such as split teeth and restoration displacement.
  • These symptoms are likely caused by dental barotraumas, necessitating research into effective treatments and preventative measures.
  • Understanding the impact of pressure changes on dental restorations is crucial for this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of environmental pressure cycling on the retention of dental crowns cemented with different materials.
  • To compare the performance of zinc phosphate, glassionomer, and resin cements under simulated hyperbaric conditions.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for dental material selection in individuals exposed to significant pressure variations.
Keywords:
BarodontalgiaCrownsLuting cements

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Main Methods:

  • Sixty extracted single-rooted premolar teeth were prepared and fitted with full cast crowns.
  • Crowns were cemented using three types of materials: zinc phosphate, glassionomer, and resin cement (20 teeth per group).
  • Teeth were subjected to pressure cycling (15 cycles at 3 atmospheres) and the force required to dislodge the crowns was measured.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant reduction in dislodgement force was observed for crowns cemented with zinc phosphate and glassionomer cements after pressure cycling (p < 0.01).
  • Crowns cemented with Panavia resin cement showed no significant difference in retention force between control and experimental groups.
  • Zinc phosphate and glassionomer cements demonstrated significantly lower retention strength post-pressure cycling compared to resin cement.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental pressure cycling negatively impacts the retention of dental crowns cemented with zinc phosphate and glassionomer cements.
  • Panavia resin cement exhibited superior stability and retention under simulated hyperbaric pressure cycling.
  • Dental professionals should consider using resin cements for fixed prostheses in patients, such as divers and submariners, who experience substantial environmental pressure variations.