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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

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Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression...
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The transfer function is a fundamental concept representing the ratio of two polynomials. The numerator and denominator encapsulate the system's dynamics. The zeros and poles of this transfer function are critical in determining the system's behavior and stability.
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Self-Organized Bistability Associated with First-Order Phase Transitions.

Serena di Santo1,2,3, Raffaella Burioni2,3, Alessandro Vezzani2,4

  • 1Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Física de la Materia e Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a theory for self-organization in systems near first-order phase transitions. It explains how regular and anomalous activity patterns emerge, mimicking scale-invariant avalanches observed in nature.

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Area of Science:

  • Complex Systems Science
  • Statistical Physics
  • Theoretical Neuroscience

Background:

  • Self-organized criticality (SOC) explains systems at second-order phase transitions with scale invariance.
  • Empirical bimodal activity distributions are observed in neuroscience and other fields.
  • Existing theories primarily address second-order phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze a theory for self-organization in systems exhibiting first-order phase transitions.
  • To explain the emergence of bimodal activity distributions.
  • To understand the coexistence of regular and anomalous activity patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of systems at first-order phase transitions.
  • Analysis of phase coexistence phenomena.
  • Mathematical framework for emergent scale-invariant avalanches.

Main Results:

  • A theory for self-organization to the point of phase coexistence is developed.
  • The model explains the emergence of regular avalanches with scale-invariant properties.
  • The theory accounts for the coexistence of regular and large anomalous avalanches.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed theory successfully explains bimodal activity distributions in systems near first-order phase transitions.
  • This framework offers insights into scale invariance and emergent phenomena in diverse fields.
  • The findings have implications for understanding complex systems in physics, biology, and beyond.