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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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[HIV infection : Test and treatment].

J K Rockstroh1, J-C Wasmuth2

  • 1Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland. juergen.rockstroh@ukb.uni-bonn.de.

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Summary

Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is crucial for better prognosis and reduced transmission. Prompt antiretroviral therapy can prevent progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), enabling a normal life expectancy.

Keywords:
Acquired immune deficiency syndromeAntiretroviral agentsCandidiasis, oralHelper cellsLate presenter

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • A significant percentage of individuals in Europe are unaware of their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis or are diagnosed late.
  • Early HIV diagnosis substantially improves patient prognosis and reduces the risk of onward transmission.
  • Indicator diseases like STDs, oral thrush, herpes zoster, and lymphoma necessitate HIV testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical importance of early HIV testing and diagnosis.
  • To highlight the benefits of immediate antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected individuals.
  • To discuss the challenges associated with long-term HIV management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for HIV infection.
  • Analysis of the impact of early diagnosis and treatment on disease progression and patient outcomes.
  • Identification of persistent challenges in managing HIV.

Main Results:

  • Timely HIV diagnosis is paramount, especially when indicator diseases are present.
  • Initiating antiretroviral combination therapy upon diagnosis, regardless of clinical stage, leads to viral suppression.
  • Effective viral suppression prevents progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and allows for normal life expectancy.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and treatment of HIV are key to preventing AIDS and achieving long-term health.
  • Lifelong daily medication adherence and managing complex long-term adverse effects remain significant challenges in HIV therapy.