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Food web intervality, previously thought to define ecosystem structure, is actually a consequence of network assembly. This property is common across diverse complex networks, suggesting a universal organizational principle beyond niche theory.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Network Science
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Food webs, representing predator-prey interactions, have long been characterized by intervality, where species can be ordered along a niche axis.
  • This niche dimension has been traditionally assumed to underpin the complex structure of food webs, guiding ecological modeling.
  • Current food web modeling often relies on manually assigning niche values to species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the conventional view of intervality as a cause of food web structure.
  • To investigate whether intervality is a consequence of food web assembly processes.
  • To explore the prevalence of intervality in non-trophic complex networks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 46 empirical food webs to assess predator and prey intervality.
  • Examination of intervality in diverse networks, including gene regulatory, neural, metabolic, and airport networks.
  • Development and testing of a simple food web assembly model that does not incorporate a niche axis.

Main Results:

  • Empirical food webs exhibit both prey and predator intervality, with predators being as contiguous as prey but in a different ordering.
  • Intervality is not unique to food webs but is also found in various other complex systems like gene networks and airport systems.
  • A basic food web assembly model, without a niche axis, successfully generates significant intervality.

Conclusions:

  • Intervality in food webs is likely a consequence, not a cause, of network structure, suggesting niche may be an emergent property.
  • The findings indicate that topological features previously considered unique to food webs are common across many complex networks.
  • A new modeling approach is needed for understanding ecosystem assembly, emphasizing emergent properties and shared network principles over predefined niche axes.